Great Expectations By Charles Dickens - 1701 Words

Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations first saw the light in 1860. In it the English novelist raised and criticized important issue for the time of social and psychological dissociation between the higher crust and simple working class. The genre of the novel features are located in the plane of the classic era of realism, generously spiced with the original English humor and a bit of European sentiment. Great Expectations - a novel of education, because it tells several stories of becoming a dignified young person:â€Å"So, I must be taken as I have been made. The success is not mine, the failure is not mine, but the two together make me.† It proves all above statements about ambiguity and depth of moral, which was described in it. Pip is a young orphan boy living with his sister Mrs. Joe and her husband Joe Gargery in the marshes of Kent. One evening Pip sits in the nearby graveyard staring at his parent’s tombstones, when out of nowhere a convict pops up from be hind the tombstones and grabs Pip. The convict orders Pip to get him food and a file for his leg irons. Pip obeys in fear, but when he comes back with the items the convict has been captured. The convict also defends Pip by saying he stole these items from him. Days go by and Pip gets picked up by his uncle Mr. Pumblechook to play at Satis house, the wealthy Miss Havisham. During his visit he meets this young girl named Estella, although she treats him poorly on his visit. Pip falls in love with herShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardshi ps provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginning of the novel. From the opening ofRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1669 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the greatRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1017 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencer is somewhere else absorbing knowledge of a different setting.This abstract adventure is seized by author Charles Dickens in Great Expectations. Great Expectations is historical fiction giving readers comprehension of the Victorian Era.Upon the reading, readers begin to catch on the intended purpose and its significance. A person who lived during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens himself.He grew up during a time where differences in social class were to an extreme degree.Dickens went through

Understanding My Social Location and Experiences Essay

The intersection of dominant ideologies of race, class, and gender are important in shaping my social location and experiences. By exercising my sociological imagination (Mills, 1959), I will argue how my social location as an Asian American woman with a working class background has worked separately and together to influence how I behave, how others treat and view me, and how I understand the world. The sociological imagination has allowed me to understand my own â€Å"biography†, or life experiences by understanding the â€Å"history†, or larger social structures in which I grew up in (Mills, 1959). First, I will describe my family’s demographic characteristics in relation to California and the United States to put my analysis into context. I†¦show more content†¦Compared to California’s education demographics, San Leandro has a higher percentage of high school graduate, but a lower percentage of higher educational attainment compared to the entire nation (bachelor’s degree or higher). Using Thompson and Hickey’s model for social class in the United States (2005), my family would be considered working class. This is defined as â€Å"clerical, pink and blue collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000 [and] high school education† (Thompson et al., 2005). My mother currently works as a part-time waitress and is going to community college to receive an associate’s degree in accounting. My father has been working as a full-time cook at a Chinese restaurant in Oakland Chinatown for about 25 years. His highest level of educational attainment is high school. These racial and social class demographics are important in understanding my social location. In relation to other racial groups in the United States, Asian-Americans are constructed as the model minority. The model minority myth (Takaki, 1999) has shaped how I perceive what opportunities I have in order to achieve the American Dream. This concept of the model minority creates an illusion that the American Dream is attainable through â€Å"hard work and private effort† as evident in Asian-American’s economic and educational successesShow MoreRelatedA Three Dimentional Analysis of My Personal Views1013 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Workers main objectives are to work for Social Justice, and invoke positive changes for future generations. Social work as I have come to know it is a helping profession on many levels. Social work is not concentrated on only one specific area of need, but targets many areas on a larger scale with vast opportunities in the field. As Hick (2006) states Those who choose social work as their profession do so for a variety of reasons. In general, they appear to be motivated by a combinationRead MoreLife Cycle Event Essay850 Words   |  4 Pagescycle event that has impacted my family is the unexpected sickness of my maternal grandfather this past summer. My grandfather was hospitalized from four months, followed by living in a rehabilitation facility in order to gain his strength back. The sickness was unexpected and greatly impacted our family emotionally as we grappled with the notion that my grandfather may not have able to return home. In spite of the fact that we were deeply sadden by the event, my family pulled together and didRead MoreMy Service Learning Project At A Community Outreach Program1683 Words   |  7 PagesMy service learning project took place at a community outreach program in a disadvantaged low income area without programs for children to participate in. A former ballet dancer, now instructor, decided to open up a ballet class to provide a program for the area children to take part in at a low donation cost, which will be applied to a building fund for a permanent location to be built onto the church. My role in this service learning position was to help organize paperwork and files, collect donationsRead MoreMy Observation Of A Community Resource At Life Strategies Counseling Services959 Words   |  4 Pagesobservation experience, I chose to visit Life Strategies Couneling Services in Beckley, West Virginia, to gain a better understaning of how the community resource of indvidual therapy and group therapy is experienced from the client’s point of view. I chose to complete my observation of a community resource at Life Strategies Counseling Services due to its many quality online reviews. In addition, when calling the offices of local community resources, the office staff at this location was very friendlyRead MoreHealth Geography Is A Branch Of Social Science1073 Words   |  5 Pages*Health geography approaches. Health geography is a branch of social science which investigates the interaction between people and the environment. Health geography views health from an all-inclusive perspective combining society and space, and it intellectualises the role of place, location, and geography within the realm of health, wellbeing, and disease. To put it simply, health geography examines why space and place are central for health variation in the population. As a result, approachesRead MoreExploring The Benefits And Difficulties Of Travel Accounts881 Words   |  4 Pagesalso involves also being critical with those fictional portions and understanding their purpose. Tom Tackle is a fictional account but through comparison with other military accounts, the societal image of sailors is placed against how individuals saw themselves. This perspective of the travel narratives’ society allows for accounts to address social mobility within the lower classes of British society during the eighteenth- century. My models are Emma Rothschild’s The Inner Lives of Empire and Maya Jasanoff’sRead MorePokemon Go : A Newest Most Popular Geocaching Game Of 20161740 Words   |  7 Pagesexplore the unique spaces of the area of Sackville and the world. My experience with this application over the past week has been positive, with the recognition of how the game involves me in the digital world as well as the physical, Pokà ©mon Go offers an immersive experience that promotes social interactions and community awareness. Through the analysis of how Pokà ©mon Go connects myself and others to the public space, how the urban social issues such as connectivity and privacy are changing, and theRead MoreWhy You Are Performing Heart Surgery Or Scanning Grocery Items For A Living1665 Words   |  7 Pagesyou are performing heart surgery or scanning grocery items for a living, you have a social location that pinpoints where you land on the social spectrum. A social location is the social posit ion that an individual maintains within their society and is based on certain characteristics believed to be significant by American society. Income and position of employment is not the sole factor in determining a social location. These other factors include, but not limited to, education, job, gender, age, ethnicityRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Functionalism, Conflict Theory And Symbolic Interactions882 Words   |  4 Pageslooking at how religion functions in social structures, social systems, and small group interpersonal interactions a sociologist could formulate a better understanding of religion s role in society and the human experience. The sociologist looks at the individual, and how that individual connects to a specific societal location or setting and specifically at religion a sociological study could determine the power religion holds over people and societies. Understanding the cultural universals of religionRead MoreThe Best Place On Campus1672 Words à ‚  |  7 Pagesfaculty events. It is a great location to meet new people and experiment socially in a safe environment. Despite all the activity, the JSAC is a relaxed space created for, and by students and it is a great space to spend time in between and after classes (JSAC). Unfortunately, even though Augusta University has such a diverse student body, people tend to seek out those that are similar to them ethnically and culturally. This can lead some to feel trapped in their social circles, lost in the crowd,

Business Plan Electrical Blinds Free Essays

Description We offer solar powered blinds to both consumer and businesses. Taking part of the green movement, we allow our consumers to utilize direct energy from the sun that can be translated into powering small appliances within houses and corporate buildings. With most large building and houses using blinds we can capitalize on the large un tapped market place. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Plan Electrical Blinds or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our goal is to partner with large blind companies and push forward our technology Marketing Plan and Strategy Target Market Our main focus will be targeting home owners , business and building landlords. Offering our service to this niche market of green conscious building owners will allow us to capitalize on the reneable energy sector. Competitors Our competitors will be large corporation who have already developed solar panels that are able to translate into powering small appliances. These companies will easily be able to enter the market and take market share. Our biggest competitors will be 3M technologies who have already developed small solar panel film that is able to be placed on solid objects. Pricing strategy Partnering with existing blind companies that already have existing contracts with building , home and landlord owners will be our largest attribute in penetrating the market. We will offer them a 8% profit in sales to use their blinds with our technology. In addition we will offer large distirubtion discounts to building owners to be more enticing to purchase our technologies with blinds. Promotion and distribution We will promote our product through government services that promote green movement within the energy sector. Distributing our products with large blind corporoation such as blinds to go will allow us to increase sales dramatically within the industry. Quality target To ensure quality we will have our technology fully certified before distribution. In addition we will * Green , durable , passes all ISO test Technology requirements Our product will require solar power film that can recharge batteries which can power small application. Our blinds will have standard 12V adapters which will allow direct connection of appliances. Service support To keep our clients satisfied with our services we offer a 24/7 direct support line if any products fail during the desired warranty period. We offer 1,3 and 5 year warranty programs. Management Kyle – 10 years of electrical engineering back ground Archuna – 15 years of marketing and sales with a back ground in solar panel construction Shadan – 17 years of RD at 3M technologies, specializing in solar panel construction. Background in blind sales from Blinds To Go. Organization structure Pyramid style CEO – Director – Employees Intellectual property: Patents – Solar panel film, battery charger, power adapter Copywrite – Solar panel blind architectural design Financial plan Receive funding from angel investors in order to market our solar panel film into the market. We plan to invest in distribution, marketing our product. We will also invest in RD to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of our solar panel film. Risk 1. New competitors that are able to replicate our technologies at a lower price. 2. Consumer will not adapt to our technology and will prefer standard blinds 3. Our prices will be for a niche market of consumers , the standard everyday living middle class buyer will not be willing to pay additional cost for our blinds How to cite Business Plan Electrical Blinds, Essay examples

Roman Fever free essay sample

Once an event occurs in history, most often it occurs again. This vicious cycle is frequently inevitable and it may apply to both the history of countries as well as to the history of family occurrences. In the short story â€Å"Roman Fever† by Edith Wharton, the history of past family members are reflected in the lives of the newer generations. Through analyzing this, the reader is able to discover the true symbolism behind the title â€Å"Roman Fever†, which affects all generations equally. In the story, the character, Mrs. Slade says Rome stand for different things to each generation of travelers. To [their] grandmothers, Roman fever; to [their] mothers, sentimental dangers- how [she and Ms. Ansely] used to be guarded! to [their] daughters, no more dangers than the middle of Main Street. They don’t know it- but how much they’re missing (Wharton 29). This idea explains how each generation is similar in which they all suffered from the Roman fever. We will write a custom essay sample on Roman Fever or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, they are different because each generation suffered from it, in a different way. Like a newly introduced disease with no cure the Roman fever attacked the first generation with full force, therefore, they experienced it harshly. After a generation, the disease was still strong and therefore they â€Å"use to be guarded†(29). Though as technology progressed as well as medical knowledge, the Roman fever is not as big of a threat to the current generation anymore. This idea of the Roman fever parallels to the standards of behaviors, which have changed from one generation to the next. In the older generations they took care of their problems in a more wicked way than the earlier generations. For example, â€Å"Great- aunt Harriet†¦ who was supposed to have sent her young sister out to the Forum after sunset to gather†¦ flowers†¦But she really sent her because they were in love with the same man† (50-55). As a result, Harriet killed her sister. This parallels to the Roman Fever when it was severe. When it comes to Mrs. Slade and Mrs. Ansely’s they differ in how they take action to their jealousy. Unlike, Harriet who killed her enemy, Mrs. Slade just causes Mrs. Ansely to get a less severe sickness. Nevertheless, this does not exclude the fact that both generations take a similar approach in which they hurt their enemy’s, a clear instance of how history is repeating. Both generations continue to be very similar in a number of ways. First of all, is Grace Ansley’s daughter, Barbara Ansley, who resembles Alida Slande. Mrs. Slade was â€Å"more effective- [and] had more edge† (22), just as Barbara does. Jenny Slade on the other had is more like Grace Ansley who â€Å"was [an] extremely pretty girl who somehow made youth and prettiness seem as safe as their absence† (22). Both young women held a similarity to the women of the older generation, in which all women from both generations were â€Å"sentimental† (15). Therefore, by making both generations so parallel Wharton is suggesting that the daughter’s life will be a rewrite their mother’s lives. Overall, the idea that history will be repeated in subsequent generations further expands the meaning of the title â€Å"Roman Fever†. Through the realization that all generation have something in common, the reader is able to note, the role the Roman fever has throughout the plot. First, the Roman fever allowed Aunt Harriet to get rid of her sister, who loved the same man as she did. In the next generation, Mrs. Slade took advantage of the Roman fever, in her attempt to get Mrs. Ansley sick so she would not get in the way of her marriage. The fever continues into the next generation with Mrs. Slande’s burning feverous jealousy towards Barbara’s free spirit, which Jenny does not hold. Therefore, the Roman fever will continue to create the story, and follow future generations, as they play back history.

FedEx Company

External environment and capabilities One of the factors affecting the external environment at FedEx is the current socio-cultural environment in its target markets. The socio-cultural environment consists of cultural elements like the values shared by the clients and the laws governing ethics for the company. The elements also include technology, and the aesthetics held paramount by the society in relation to the conduct of business with the company.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on FedEx Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social elements include client organizations, business groups and their partnerships with the company, and the social status of its clients. Over the past several years, the most influential socio-cultural issue in the company has been technology development. While the use of technology has increased over the past several years, only the younger generation has taken up the use of tec hnological devices actively. The older generation is yet to come to terms with the use of technology (Mc Namara, 2011). This element has affected the business processes at FedEx because the company has to develop strategies that satisfy the needs of the different generations of people it serves. Each generation has its specific needs, and this has affected the company in the marketing segment. Technology provides an opportunity for the company to enhance its market share by luring higher clientele from the younger generation. It also poses a threat to the company because a shift to the use of technology exclusively would result in a huge loss of clients from the older generation. The recommended strategy to solve this issue is for the company to stick to its traditional marketing strategies while targeting the clients from the older generation, and to use technology to lure more clients from the younger generation. The company should focus on maintaining its current market share whi le using technology to target new clients to increase its profitability (Grant, 2010). Internal environment Substitutes are part of the aspects that comprise the internal environment at FedEx. The company has been in the market for quite a long time, and it has established a very strong brand in the industry. The threat of new entrants in the business has always been low because of the operational costs of the business. It is apparent that as more companies engage in diversified business strategies, there is a possibility that some companies may venture into the business. Current rivals to the company also pose high threats in luring its customers to use their services through competitive prices (Berger, 2011). The advancement in technology, especially the fast growth in the use of the internet is a very great force affecting FedEx.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The a bility for clients to use their technological gadgets for faster communication has seen a decline in the demand for some services offered by the company. The internet has provided its clients with a faster and more convenient way to send messages and to access information, leaving FedEx in a disadvantaged position. While this threat is all too real for the company, FedEx has developed a new platform that allows its clients to send their electronic documents through its website (Chen et al., 2004). This strategy has helped the company to maintain its younger clients, and to help the clients from the older generation to transition into the use of technology. FedEx should continue to embrace technology in its service delivery to maintain the competitive nature of its brand because the world is shifting to the use of technology in service delivery (The Internal Environment, 2014). The company should also look into developing more channels for its clients to send and retrieve messages wh ile maintaining loyalty to the company. References Berger, A. (2011). Case Study A FedEx Corporation. Munich: GRIN Verlag. Chen, C., Duong, L., Yang, H., Susanty, M., Vellandi, M., Betro, A. (2004). FedEx Corporation: Strategic Audit. Web. Grant, R. M. (2010). Contemporary Strategy Analysis. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Mc Namara, F. K. (2011). FedEx Stakeholder Analysis. Web.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on FedEx Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Internal Environment: Resource, Capabilities, and Core Competencies. (2014). Web. This case study on FedEx Company was written and submitted by user Cruz U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

American Indian Wars Essays - Red Clouds War, American Old West

American Indian Wars Essays - Red Clouds War, American Old West American Indian Wars American Indian Wars There is perhaps a tendency to view the record of the military in terms of conflict, that may be why the U.S. Armys operational experience in the quarter century following the Civil War became known as the Indian wars. Previous struggles with the Indian, dating back to colonial times, had been limited. There was a period where the Indian could withdraw or be pushed into vast reaches of uninhabited and as yet unwanted territory in the west. By 1865 the safety valve was fast disappearing. As the Civil War was closed, white Americans in greater numbers and with greater energy than before resumed the quest for land, gold, commerce, and adventure that had been largely interrupted by the war. The besieged red man, with white civilization pressing in and a main source of livelihood, the buffalo, threatened with extinction, was faced with a fundamental choice: surrender or fight. Many chose to fight, and over the next 25 years the struggle ranged over the plains, mountains, and the deserts o f the American West. These guerrilla wars were characterized by skirmishes, pursuits, raids, massacres, expeditions, battles, and campaigns of varying size and intensity. In 1865, there was a least 15 million buffalo, ten years later, fewer than a thousand remained. The army and the Bureau of Indian Affairs went along with and even encouraged the slaughter of the animals. By destroying the buffalo herds, the whites were destroying the Indians main source of food and supplies. The only thing the Indians could do was fight to preserve their way of life. There was constant fighting among the Indian and whites as the Indians fought to keep their civilization. Indian often retaliated against the whites for earlier attacks that whites had imposed on them. They often attacked wagon trains, stage coaches, and isolated ranches. When the army became more involved in the fighting, the Indians started to focus on the white soldiers. In 1862, when the north and south were locked in Civil War, Minnesota felt the fury of an even more fundamental internal conflict. The Santees, an eastern branch of the Sioux Nation, having endured ten years of traumatic change on the upper Minnesota River, launched the first great attack in the Indian wars. Eleven years earlier the tribe had sold 24 million acres of hunting ground for a lump sum of $1,665,000 and the promise of future cash annuities. The Santees culture was not only disrupted, the Sioux gradually found themselves dependent on trade goods, which made them easy prey for the white merchants. The merchant would give them credit and collect directly from the government. The Indians saw little of the annuities for which they had sold their birthright. Their anger finally reached the flash point when, following a winter of near starvation, the annual payment failed to arrive on time. Bursting from their reservation, they killed more than 450 settlers in the region before they were defeated by a hastily assembled group of raw recruits led by Colonel Henry Sibley. Later the killing of the white settlers was described as the most fearful Indian massacre in history. Four weeks after the rampage began, 2,000 Indian men, women and children surrendered, 392 prisoners were quickly tried and 307 sentenced to death. Sibley favored execution at once. But Bishop Whipple of Minnesota went to Washington to plead for clemency. After a long appraisal President Lincoln commuted most of the sentences except for the proven rapists and murderers. On the day after Christmas 1862, 38 Sioux warriors were brought to a specially built gallows and hanged at the same time. Three of the leaders of the massacre had gotten away. Shakopee and Medicine Bottle had escaped to Canada, they were kidnapped back into the U.S. and were duly executed. Little Crow went to North Dakota and returned to Mi nnesota the following summer and was shot by a farmer while picking berries. Red Cloud was beginning to emerge as a major leader in 1863, when settlers and miners began to pour over a new road called the Powder River Trail, or the Bozeman Trail after the scout who blazed it. This road was to connect Fort Laramie, Wyoming, to the new mining

College students should have complete freedom to choose their own Essay

College students should have complete freedom to choose their own courses and create their own curriculums - Essay Example (Robertson & Smith, 1999, p.69) As the system functions today, college students are forced to conform to an educational model that was not designed in their interests. In other words, the existing educational system serves to indoctrinate young minds into obedient servants of the established social order. At the top of the social pyramid are the business and political elites, whose interests are reflected in the design of curricula. Hence, though it might lead to radical social upheavals, allowing greater freedom of choice within college campuses is the right way to go. Let us look at the rationale offered by those against freedom of choice in curricula and identify flaws in their arguments. A prominent advocate for less academic freedom was the sociologist Mortimer Adler, who stated that, left to their own choices, some students â€Å"will ‘downgrade’ their own education; therefore, adults should control these crucial choices so that such downgrading does not occur.† (Noddings, 2006, p.285) This fear is overstated, for college authorities can devise ways of ensuring that certain basic standards are met. Moreover, by what criteria are courses judged good and bad? In other words, the notion of ‘downgrading’ is very subjective. As John Dewey noted in his lectures, â€Å"a course in cooking, well planned and well executed, can induce critical thinking, increase cultural literacy, and provide valuable skills - it can be a "good" course. In contrast, a course in algebra may discourage critical thinking, add nothing to cultural literacy, and lead students to despair of acquiring useful skills - it can be a "bad" course.† (Noddings, 2006, p.285) Considering that John Dewey was the most influential educationist of last century, his views have to be heeded to. The essence of Dewey’s argument is that by there is more merit than what is apparent in courses such as

Describe three controversies that led to the distinctions between Essay

Describe three controversies that led to the distinctions between Orthodox and Western Christianity - Essay Example On the other hand, the bishop of Rome governed the western group implying its administration was under a single bishop. As a result, basic theological differences emerged between the eastern and the western Christians (Vidmar 47). Separation between the Roman Catholic Church rather the western Christianity and the Eastern Orthodox Christianity was primarily based on deviation by Rome from the seven ecumenical councils’ original conclusions. This included the universal papal supremacy claim. Similarly, â€Å"Filoque controversy† is noted as another contributing factor to the difference between the two religions. The insertion of the phrase into the Nicene Creed changed the implication of the Holy Spirit source. Rather than in the usual perception of its origin from the Father, the â€Å"Filogue† which meant from the son, changed the Creed to imply both the Father and the Son were the source of the Holy Spirit. Despite the western emphasis of Christ’s divinity, the Orthodox Christians were against the alterations and the emerging meaning after the insertion. According to the Eastern Christians, the Father defines the origin of both the Son and the Holy Spirit (Ware 56). The concept of â€Å"Sola Scripture† is another area that distinguishes the western Christianity from the Orthodox. According to the western Christians, the â€Å"Scripture alone† rather the â€Å"Sola Scripture† claim that God’s word can be clearly comprehended and construed by an individual believer. Therefore, it is sufficient to be defined as the final authority under the western Christianity; however, the Orthodox posits that the Holy Scripture in the Holy tradition are of equal importance and value. Their definition of the Holy Scripture stems from the definition and interpretation affirmed in the first seven ecumenical council’s teachings by the church. In addition, the difference in theological approaches explains the distinction that exists between the Western Christianity and

Systems Theory and Small Group Communication Essay

Systems Theory and Small Group Communication - Essay Example As the paper discusses  the changing of one part of the system will lead o the change of the entire system because they are interdependent. For instance, one family member who is dysfunctional will affect the entire nuclear family. If one family member has issues with drug abuse or passes away, the rest of the entire family will be impacted. The subsystems and individual family members who comprise of the family system are mutually dependent and influenced upon one another.This discussion highlights that the concept of synergy in the family system occurs where the performance of the entire system collectively will exceed expectations based on the individual ability of each family member. According to the family systems theory, a family will accomplish more by interacting together rather than each member working alone. For example, when the family members work together to improve their financial status, they will easily achieve the common goal as a unit. It is because of the deep di versity that exists among the family members such as the differences in task skills that include abilities, values, perspectives and problem-solving strategies. Negative synergy will also occur where the family members working together will produce a worse result on the basis of the perceived unconstructive abilities and skills of the members.  The systems theory argues that a small or a minimum group size is the best needed group size so as to complete tasks because when the group is too large, problems develop.

Corporate governance and firm performance

Corporate governance and firm performance Introduction Corporate governance is concerned with the process and structures through which members interested in the overall well being of the firm take measures to protect the interests of the stakeholders. (Ehikioya, 2009). Corporate governance generally refers to the external rules and regulations and internal system that are designed to minimize agency problem and is the system by which companies are directed and controlled (Cadbury 1992, Cited in Lam and Lee, 2008) Good Corporate governance is centered on the principles of accountability, transparency, fairness and responsibility in the management of the firm. (Ehikioya, 2009). Accountability comes from both within and outside the company. Responsible management works entirely in the interests of the owners. Board composition plays an important role in keeping the company transparent in its affairs. Board structure is important to keep the interests of management and owners aligned (Byrnes et 2003, cited in Ehikioya, 2009). The institution of corporate governance in a firm is an attempt to ensure the separation of ownership and control, and this often results in Principal-Agent problems (Byrnes et 2003, cited in Ehikioya, 2009). Managers always have incentives to misuse a firms assets by undertaking projects that benefit themselves more personally but its impact on shareholder wealth works adversely (Jensen and Meckling, 1976; Fama and Jensen, 1983; cited in Brown and Caylor, 2004) and same goes with (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997) Researchers have mixed opinion in Principal-Agent problem. According to (Jensen and Mecklings 1976 cited in Lia,Wang and Deng, 2009) managerial agency costs always increase with the separation of ownership and management. Managers, as the agents of shareholders, are inclined to waste the corporate resources to satisfy their exploitative purposes. In contrast, stewardship theorists counter-argue that managers are inherently trustworthy and are good stewards of company resource (Donaldson, 1990 cited in Lam and Lee, 2008). Central to the boards effectiveness is the question of board structure (size and independence). In addition to board size, board independence should also have an impact on firm value and performance. Inside directors provide firm and project specific knowledge that assists the board in understanding the detailed aspects of the firms business. In contrast, outside (or independent) directors contribute expertise and objectivity that ostensibly mitigates managerial entrenchment and expropriation of firm resources (Bhagat and Black, 2002). The governance literature generally suggests that as boards become increasingly independent of managers, their monitoring effectiveness increases thereby decreasing managerial opportunism and enhancing firm performance. (Harforda, Mansib, and Maxwellc, 2006). Gov-Score is used in different researches to assess the governance and firm performance has been used with 51 factors (Brown and Caylor, 2004) or less i.e. 37 (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005). This paper will use the GOV-SCORE with 38 factors and including new factor i.e. more than one family member on board The paper proceeds as follows: Section II is the Literature review, Section III will discuss rationale of study, Section IV will include theoretical framework, Section V hypotheses development and theoretical background, Section VI data and methodology, Section VII sample, instrument and structure of instrument, Section VIII Work cited and then Appendix. Literature Review: Corporate governance is the process and structure through which a firms business and affairs are managed by enhancing business prosperity and corporate accountability with the ultimate objective of enhancing shareholders wealth (Mir and Nishat, 2004). A well defined and functioning corporate system helps a firm to attract investment, raise funds, and strengthen the foundation for firm performance and good corporate governance shields a firm from vulnerability to future financial distress (Ehikioya, 2009). Effective corporate governance minimizes control rights of stockholders and their creditors to give on managers and increasing the probability that managers should invest in positive net present value projects for the firm gain (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997). Prior studies have predominantly focused on US companies, while those are related to Asian countries are rather few (Kiel and Nicholson, 2003 Cited in Lam and Lee, 2008). The notion that corporate governance affects positively corporate performance is based on the fact that management in shareholder-friendly firms, in making corporate decisions, do what shareholders themselves would have done, had they been in charge of corporate decisions ( Kanellos and George, 2007). It was found (Ehikioya, 2009) that where the CEO also acted as chairperson and more than one family member had a place on the board of directors this had an adverse effect on firm performance. Corporations can be said like a republic. The major and highest level of authority is stockholder (Owners). These voters have the right to vote and elect their representatives which serve as directors, who delegate their most of their power to bureaucrats (managers). As in any form of government (republic), the real power-sharing depends upon the set of rules called governance. On one extreme, which is inclined toward a democracy, have little power for management and enable stockholders to immediately and easily replace directors of the company. On the other hand, it is vice versa to the democracy (Gomper, Ishii, Metrick, 2003). CEO duality is another concern in corporate governance. In USA 70-80% of them combined the roles of CEO and Chairperson. (Rechner and Dalton, 1991; Rhoades et al, 2001, Cited in Lam and Lee, 2008). However the prevalent corporate governance practice in Europe separates the CEO and chairperson (Coles et al 2001; Higgs, 2003; Zardkhoohi, 2005, Cited in Lam and Lee, 2008). This Duality position places CEO in powerful position of managing the operations of the firm and also overseeing the direction the firm will take into the future (Petra and Dorata, 2008). It is often alleged that boards of directors are more independent as the proportion of their outside director increases (Jhon and Senbet 1998, Cited in Brown and Caylor, 2004). Strong positive relationship between the portion of independent directors on the board and profitability ratios in continental Europe countries (Krivogorsky 2006, Cited in Li, Wand and Deng, 2008). A higher proportion of the independent directors may lead to lower probability of financial distress (Li, Wang, Deng, 2008). However, there is no relation between the proportion of outsider directors and various performance measures (i.e., SGA expenses, sales, number of employees, and return on equity) (Fosberg 1989, Cited in BRown and Caylor, 2004). and (Bhagat and Black, 2002) find no linkage between the proportion of outside director and Tobins Q, ROE, asset turnover and stock returns. Thus the relationship between the proportion of outside directors, a proxy for board independence, and firm performance is mixed (Brown and Caylor, 2004). Researchers (Gomper, Ishii, Metrick, 2003) and (Bebchuk, Cohen, Ferrell, 2004) showed in their studies that with stronger stockholder rights have higher Tobins Q, their proxy for firm value, suggesting that better-governed firms are more valuable our second measure of firm performance. Most of the empirical work for exploring possible relationship between corporate governance and firm performance is done for single jurisdiction. For US Firms a broad measure of Corporate Governance Gov-Score is prepared by (Brown and Caylor, 2004)with 51 factors, 8 sub categories for 2327 firms based on dataset of Institutional Shareholder Service (ISS). Their findings indicate that better governed firms are relatively more profitable, more valuable and pay more cash to their shareholders. (Gomper, Ishii, Metrick, 2003) Earlier (Mir and Nishat, 2004) empirically tested the relationship between the structure of corporate governance and firm performance in Pakistan, and (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005). Mir and Nishats study included a different set of performance parameters which include ROE, net profit margin, sales growth, Tobins Q and dividend yield. Moreover (Mir and Nishat, 2004) used secondary data from the annual statements. While (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005) study was based on secondary as well as on primary survey of different companies listed with Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). This study is different to (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005) as it extends the GOV-Score factor to 38 by adding the More than family members on the board to (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005)s study which was 37 factors. Rationale: As the global debate on corporate governance heats, the importance of this topic to any country-particularly any developing country-cannot be ignored. Being one of the important countries of South Asia, with immense trading potential and ideal geopolitical location, Pakistan has proactively pursued various policy reforms to stimulate its economic activity, in recent years (Mehwish Mumtaz, 2005). Pakistan stock market is one of the leading emerging markets in the world. It has gone through series of reforms and structural changes since 1991 (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005). Financial reforms during 1990s have influenced the pattern of capital structure, dividend policy and compliances to corporate governance (Nishat, 1999 Cited in Nishat and Shaheen, 2005). Better Corporate Governance is supposed to lead to better corporate performance by preventing expropriation of controlling shareholder and ensuring better decision-making (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005), (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997). Most of the research in the area of corporate governance is done for developed economies, as rich data is only available for these economies where active market for corporate control exists and the ownership concentration is low (Bohren and Odegaard 2001, Cited in Shaheen and Nishat, 2005). This study will fill the gap by analyzing the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance for the firms as previous studies lack a factor in GOV-SCORE i.e. more than one family member on board while measuring level of governance. As this variable was found very first time by Benjamin Ehikioya as in his study (Ehikioya, 2009). Theoretical Framework: Hypotheses and Theoretical Background: According to above mentioned literature following hypotheses are formed. H1: Better-governed firms have better operating performance Better and effective corporate governance minimizes the control rights of both stockholders and creditors confer on managers which increases the probability that managers will invest in positive NPV projects (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997) leading it to better operating performance, which is our first proxy to firm performance H2: Better-governed firms are more valuable (Gomper, Ishii, Metrick, 2003) and (Bebchuk, Cohen, Ferrell, 2004) show that firms with stronger stockholder rights have higher Tobins Q which is the proxy of firm value and suggest that better governed firms are more valuable which is second proxy for firm performance. H3: Better-governed firms pay more cash to stockholders Firms with smaller dividend payout have low earning growth, suggesting that better-governed firms payout more cash to stockholders, which our third proxy to firm performance (Arnott and Asness 2003, Cited in Nishat and Shaheen, 2005). Data and Methodology: Gov-Score will be used to measure the strength of a firm governance on the patterns of (Brown and Caylor, 2004), (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005) and (Y Attiya and R Iqbal, 2007). Computation of Gov-Score for 20 firms using data obtained from annual reports. The primary data will be collected through questionnaire containing 38 factors as either 0 ot 1depending on whether the firms governance standards. Then sum of each 38 binary variables to derive GOV-Score. This paper consider four performance measures spread across three categories: operating performance, valuation and shareholder payout. This paper selects two operating measures i.e. ROE and profit margin. One valuation measure i..e. Tobins Q and single measure of stockholder payout i.e. dividend yield. This paper adopts methodology used by (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005) which involves two types of cross-sectional analyses. Firstly, correlation between Gov- Score with each industry-adjusted fundamental variable using Pearson and Spearman correlations. Then order Gov-Scores from highest to lowest (i.e., from best to worst governance), and analyze if firm performance differs in the extreme governance deciles. Next to assess which categories and factors are associated with expected/unexpected (good/bad) performance, we correlate the four performance measures with seven governance categories and 38 governance factors. Sample and Instrument: The sample size will be 20 firms listed in Karachi Sock Exchange. Convenience sampling technique will be used. A structured questionnaire will used containing 38 factors of governance spread across seven categories Works Cited Kanellos and George. (2007). Corporate Governance and Firm Performance: Results from Greek Firms. Arnott and Asness 2003, Cited in Nishat and Shaheen. (2005). Corpoirate Governance and firm performance AN exploratory Analysis. Bebchuk, Cohen, Ferrell. (2004). What matters in Corporate Governance. Bhagat and Black. (2002). The Non-orrelation Between Board Independence and Long Term Firm Performance. Journal of Corporation Law , 231-274. Bohren and Odegaard 2001, Cited in Shaheen and Nishat. (2005). Corpoirate Governance and firm performance AN exploratory Analysis. Brown and Caylor. (2004). Corporate Governance and Firm Performance. Byrnes et 2003, cited in Ehikioya. (2009). Corporate governace structure and firm performance in developing economies: evidence from nigeria. Cadbury 1992, Cited in Lee, Tin Yan Lam and Shu Kam. (2008). Chief executive officer duality and firm performance: Hong Kong. Corporate Governnace , 299-315. Coles et al 2001; Higgs, 2003; Zardkhoohi, 2005, Cited in Lam and Lee. (2008). Chief executive officer duality and firm performance: Hong Kong. Corporate Governnace , 299-315. Donaldson, 1990 cited in Lam and Lee. (2008). Chief executive officer duality and firm performance: Hong Kong. Corporate Governnace , 299-315. Ehikioya, B. I. (2009). Corporate governace structure and firm performance in developing economies: evidence from nigeria. Corporate Governance Vol. 9 No. 3 , 231-243. Fosberg 1989, Cited in BRown and Caylor. (2004). Corporate Governance and Firm Performance. Gomper, Ishii, Metrick. (2003). CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND EQUITY PRICES. Harforda, Mansib, and Maxwellc. (2006). Corporate Governance and Firm Cash Holdings. Jensen and Meckling, 1976; Fama and Jensen, 1983; cited in Brown and Caylor. (2004). Corporate Governance. Jensen and Mecklings 1976 cited in Lia,Wang and Deng. (2009). Iindependent directors, Ownership agency costs and financial distress: evidence from chinese companiess. Corporate governance , 622-636. Jhon and Senbet 1998, Cited in Brown and Caylor. (2004). Corporate Governance and Firm Performance. Kiel and Nicholson, 2003 Cited in Lam and Lee. (2008). Chief executive officer duality and firm performance: Hong Kong. Corporate Governnace , 299-315. Krivogorsky 2006, Cited in Li, Wand and Deng. (2008). Iindependent directors, Ownership agency costs and financial distress: evidence from chinese companiess Mehwish Mumtaz. (2005). Corporate GovernanceAdopt or Adapt. Dissertation, Judge institute of Management Sciences, University of Cambridge Research. Mir and Nishat. (2004). CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE AND FIRM PERFORMANCE IN PAKISTAN- AN EMPIRICAL STUDY. Nishat and Shaheeen. (2005). Corpoirate Governance and firm performance AN exploratory Analysis. Nishat, 1999 Cited in Nishat and Shaheen. (2005). Corpoirate Governance and firm performance AN exploratory Analysis. Petra and Dorata. (2008). Corporate Governance CEO compensation. Corporate Governance , 141-152. Rechner and Dalton, 1991; Rhoades et al, 2001, Cited in Lam and Lee. (2008). Chief executive officer duality and firm performance: Hong Kong. Corporate Governnace , 299-315. Shleifer and Vishny. (1997). Asurvey of Corporate Governance. NBER Working Paper 5554. Y Attiya and R Iqbal. (2007). Relationship between corporate governance and its Indicators and firm value: A case study of KSE

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay: Aspects of Love -- Midsummer Nights

Love in William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream  Ã‚  Ã‚      Love is a very inaccurate word,   as it can be used in many different ways.   It can be used to describe an object which one particularly likes,   or to describe ones feelings towards a person.   However it does not rest at just these two points.   Love for someone can be in a material sense (sexual),   or in a more moral sense for example.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the various aspects of love are mentioned In William Shakespeare's,   Midsummer Night's Dream.   Here we are presented with the various characters,   and their conflicts,   which all have something to do with love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most important relationship in the play is that between Titania,   the queen of the fairies,   and Oberon,   who is the king of the fairies.   Oberon seems to love Titania in the sense that he wishes to dominate her,   and also be her king.   Their relationship is about authority and dominance. After a quarrel Titania does not wish to have anything to do with Oberon anymore.   Oberon is angry at this,   and takes out his anger on Titania,   by placing a spell on her.   He squeezes a drop from a special flower onto her eyes,   which will make her love the ugliest beast she is to come across.   This then happens to be Bottom the weaver,   whose head is turned to that of an donkey.   Through Oberon and Titania's little dispute,   the entire world seems to be tipped upside down.   Oberon is generous when it comes to dishing out his love potion,   which confuses everything for the "real people" (in other words not meaning the fairies).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Amongst the people,   there are also some disputes,   that can be directly related to love.   Lysander and Demetrius are both in love with Hermia,   who only loves... ...for who he was,   but for what she saw.   Their relationship had nothing to do with a romantic and passionate love,   but mainly consisted out of lust and desire.   Titania desired Bottom,   and was obsessed over him as a result of the magic potion. So by A Midsummer Nights Dream we can see some of the many aspects of love,   and are familiarised with them.   The various relationships between the "real" characters,   and the fairies (king and queen).   Of course there are a few more aspects one might mention,   however many are very similar.   Love basically consists out of many different factors.   There should be the love of a person that comes from the heart,   but there is also a side of you that desires the other person in a physical way.   Love is not just a simply definable word,   but love is a highly complicated act of expressing ones feelings towards another person.